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The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES) in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, USA, was started in June 1963 by Gene E. Likens, F. Herbert Bormann, Noye M. Johnson, and Robert S. Pierce. Comprehensive, watershed-ecosystem mass balances of water and chemical elements have been done continuously until the present time. These long-term, integrated and continuous records of precipitation and streamwater amounts and their chemical composition from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) may be the longest in the world (Likens 2013, Holmes and Likens 2016). Long-term watershed and plot-scale studies of biotic, chemical, hydrologic, physical, and geologic conditions and their interactions have contributed to the overall ecological understanding of this complex ecosystem (see review in Holmes and Likens 2016). Watershed-scale experimentation (e.g. deforestation, Watershed 2; forest strip cutting, Watershed 4; wholetree harvest, Watershed 5; base cation replenishment, Watershed 1) have revealed ecosystem processes at the landscape scale.